Pendekatan Diagnosis dan Tata Laksana Pneumonia pada Anak

Abstract

Pneumonia merupakan penyakit saluran pernapasan bawah akut yang mengenai parenkim paru meliputi alveolus dan jaringan interstisial. Sebagian besar pneumonia disebabkan oleh virus atau bakteri. Secara umum bakteri yang paling berperan penting dalam pneumonia adalah streptococcus pneumonia, Haemophillus influenza, staphylococcus aureus, serta kuman atipik chlamydia dan mikoplasma. Gambaran klinis pneumonia berupa demam, batuk, distress pernapasan, ronkhi, wheezing dan suara pernapasan  menurun. Pemeriksaan saturasi oksigen penting dilakukan untuk menilai beratnya pneumonia pada anak. Diagnosis pneumonia ditegakkan melalui anamnesis, pemeriksaan fisik, pemeriksaan laboratorium dan foto thoraks. Pemeriksaan darah rutin dijumpai peningkatan jumlah leukosit dan bercak infiltrat pada foto thoraks. Penatalaksanaan utama pneumonia berupa pemberian antibiotik sesuai dengan mikroorganisme penyebab serta tindakan suportif lainnya seperti terapi oksigen, pemberian cairan intravena, koreksi gangguan elektrolit serta pemberian antipiretik. Pencegahan dengan vaksinasi rutin pada anak dapat mengurangi kasus pneumonia.

Pneumonia is an acute lower respiratory tract that affects the lung parenchyma, including the alveoli and interstitial tissue. Most pneumonias are caused by viruses or bacteria. In general, the most important bacteria in pneumonia are streptococcus pneumonia, haemophillus influenza, staphylococcus aureua, and atypical chlamydia and mycoplasma. The clinical picture of pneumonia are fever, cough, respiratory distress, rhinchi, wheezing and decreased respiratory sounds. Examination of oxygen saturation is important to assess the severity of pneumonia in children. The diagnosis of pneumonia was established through history, physical examination, laboratory examination and chest x-ray. Routine blood examination found an increase in the number of leukocytes and infiltrate spots on the chest x-ray. The main management of pneumonia is the administration of antibiotics according to the causative microorganism and other supportive measures such as oxygen therapy, intravenous fluid administration, correction of electrolyte disturbances and antipyretic administration. Prevention by routine vaccination in children can reduce cases of pneumonia.